Description

Internal Diseases (Internal Medicine)

Internal Medicine is a discipline that forms
the basis of all clinical branches of medicine. The vast majority of
patients who apply to health institutions are in the field of internal
diseases. In our hospital, 24-hour outpatient and inpatient services are
provided by an Internal Diseases specialist.

Diabetes Mellitus,
Thyroid Diseases (Goiter),
Hematological (Blood-related) Diseases,
Lung Diseases,
Gastrointestinal Diseases (ulcer, gastritis, dyspepsia)
Cholesterol and Triglyceride (High Blood Fats)
Acute and Chronic Kidney Failures,
Urinary tract infections,
Diseases with High Fever,
Rheumatic Diseases,
Food Poisoning,
Hypertension,
Liver diseases,
Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes) and its types

Diabetes (diabetes) is a chronic disease that is common in the
society and is increasing in frequency recently and can involve important
organs. The disease is a metabolic disease that is mainly related to
carbohydrates, as well as protein and fat metabolism. The disease
manifests itself mainly with high glucose levels in the blood and the clinical
consequences that result. The main problem in the disease is that the
glucose that has risen cannot enter the cell sufficiently and cannot be used as
the main energy source for the cell. This is due to either the inability
of the pancreas to secrete enough insulin (Type 1 diabetes) or the receptor
insensitivity of the secreted insulin in the target tissue (Type 2
diabetes). Type determination of the disease is extremely important.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

occurs when insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are
destroyed. It is mostly seen in children and young adults. In these
patients, insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed by the body’s own defense
system. We call this autoimmunity. In this case, our immune system
cannot adequately recognize its own cells. As a result, insulin cannot be
produced and as stated above, glucose cannot enter the cell and cannot be used
as fuel-energy. Unless there is insulin, blood sugar remains
high. These patients have to constantly take insulin from outside because
insulin is lacking. For this reason, we call these patients insulin
dependent diabetes. Oral sugar-lowering drugs are of no use in these cases. Because
insulin cannot be produced sufficiently from the pancreas.
Since insulin is best absorbed into the body through the skin, its
applications are also by subcutaneous injection. For this purpose, this
process can be done with the help of pen, injector or pump.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes is generally seen in adults and people. The
situation that causes the disease in these patients is more important than the
insulin secretion from the pancreas to the blood, the result of the insulin produced
inadequate effect in the body. The reason for this is the problem in the
binding of the produced insulin to the receptors in the target
tissue. These patients are also called non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus because they do not need insulin in the initial period of their
disease. It is the most common type of diabetes (diabetes). It
usually occurs after the age of 35. Its treatment differs according to
Type 1 diabetes. In its treatment, correction of nutritional habits, providing
weight loss in obese patients, regular exercise and drugs that regulate oral
blood sugar can be given.

Impaired glucose tolerance (Hidden Sugar)

Impaired glucose tolerance is also called hidden sugar. These
patients are usually overweight people. The blood sugar status that will
describe these patients; The patient’s fasting blood
glucose was between 110-126 mg / dl and the blood glucose was between 140-200
mg / dl in the second hour as a result of the sugar loading test performed on
this patient. Typical symptoms of diabetes are not observed in these
patients. In the treatment of these patients, it can be listed as
improving the living conditions, providing weight loss, and starting drugs
called metformin that reduce blood sugar and regulate metabolism in selected
cases.

Clinical findings

The first finding that will appear in the disease is due to
glucose that cannot enter the cell due to insulin deficiency or resistance, and
its levels in the blood increase. As glucose levels increase, the glucose
excreted in the urine will increase and the patient will frequently and
voluminous urine as it will increase fluid excretion. We call this
polyuria. Consequently, the patient will increase water intake as the body
will lose fluid. We call this polydipsia. Apart from that, complaints
such as weakness, weight gain, weight loss, increased appetite, recurrent
urinary tract infections, recurrent vaginal inflammations, fatigue,
fluctuations in consciousness, visual disturbances, and numbness in the feet
may also accompany.