Peripheral Angiography

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Peripheral Angiography

Percutaneous Interventions in Peripheral Artery Diseases

1.What is an artery? What is a peripheral artery?

The Turkish equivalent of artery is ‘arterial
vein’. Arteries can be defined as the piping system that carries the blood
pumped from the heart. The brain, muscles, arms, legs, lungs, skin, all
organs in the abdomen (liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys, spleen, etc.), in
short, all tissues receive oxygen from the blood carried through the arteries
(arteries) and are fed. Peripheral artery is the general name given to the
arteries that go to all other tissues and organs except the heart (listed
above).
2. What is peripheral artery disease?

Peripheral arterial disease is the condition of narrowing
of the veins as a result of swellings extending into the vein with a high
cholesterol (a kind of fat in the body) content between the layers of the
arterial wall, and as a result, the inability to get enough blood to the area
fed by the vein. Sometimes, narrowing of the veins can occur as a result
of inflammatory diseases of the vascular wall, rheumatic diseases, diseases
involving the immune system, coagulation in the vein, congenital diseases or
other disorders.
3. What is a Catheter?

Catheter is the general name given to the thin tubes that
are inserted into the arteries or veins by making a small incision in the
skin. They are in different lengths, thicknesses and inclinations and are
used to view different vessels and to send thin wires, balloons, stents,
lasers, twisted devices, sound wave emitting devices and other materials
through them. In other words, they can be used for both diagnostic and
therapeutic purposes.

4. What is iodinated contrast material?

Iodized contrast media, as the name suggests, are
chemical compounds containing iodine. When injected into the vein through
a catheter, it makes the veins visible on the x-ray device, so the doctor can
see the vein and the disease in the vein, if it has expanded the vein, whether
it has expanded sufficiently and appropriately.
5. What is peripheral angioplasty (vasodilation) and how is it done?

The vessels are widened by inserting balloons, stents
(wire cages), lasers, devices with small cutting blades, ultrasonic sound
waves, devices that absorb the clot, devices that emit radiation to the vessel
wall to prevent re-narrowing, and similar devices into the narrowed or occluded
peripheral arteries. Balloons and stents are the most commonly used
devices. Other devices are mostly used in special
situations. Peripheral angioplasty can be performed on brain vessels, arm
and leg vessels, aorta, main vessels leaving the aorta, pulmonary vessels and
renal vessels. Depending on the diameter of the veins opened, the length
of the stenosis, the accompanying diseases of the patient and some other factors,
a narrowing of 5-50% can be seen in the treated vessel, usually within the
first 6 months following the procedure.
6. Will medication be used before and after the procedure?

Anticoagulant drugs are often used when widening the
stenosis in the veins. Some of these drugs (for example, aspirin or
equivalents) can be given orally before the procedure and used for a long time
or even a lifetime after the procedure. Again, during the procedure,
anticoagulant or clot-dissolving drugs, as well as vasodilating drugs can be
administered directly into the vein. In some patients, sedatives can also
be used intravenously.
7. Can there be adverse events associated with interventional (with balloon and
stent) treatment of peripheral arterial disease, what is the risk of the procedure?

Interventional (balloon and stent) treatment of
peripheral arterial disease is a small-scale surgical
procedure. Therefore, some undesirable situations, which we call
complications, may occur during the application. However, the risk of
complications in these procedures is very low and often not vital. A piece
or clot may break off from the vessel wall and go to other vessel regions and
block that region, this event is called ’embolism’. If an embolism occurs
in the brain while dilating the neck vein, a stroke (stroke) may
develop. If the organ damage as a result of embolism is in the arm or leg,
emergency surgery may be required, rarely gangrene and organ
amputation. Tearing or perforation of the vein is very rare, it may
develop due to the wire passed through the stenosis area and the devices used
to expand the vein. Its incidence is approximately one in a thousand
patients. There may be an urgent need for surgical intervention
(surgery). Separation of the vascular layers (dissection) can occur during
the procedure and can often be treated immediately with the use of a stent or
prolonged inflation of the balloon. Very rarely, emergency surgery may be
required. Vascular spasm (contraction, contraction) may occur during the
procedure, causing pain and sometimes damage to the organ fed by the
vessel. It often resolves with direct intravenous administration of
antispasmodic drugs; Damage is very rare. Rarely, the vein that is
tried to be opened can be completely blocked, in this case, damage to the organ
fed by the vein may occur, and emergency surgery may be required. During
the procedure, heart rate and blood pressure (blood pressure) may decrease
while dilating the vessels or depending on the drugs given; but this is
often fixed without causing a problem. In the area where the artery is
entered, ballooning (aneurysm), rupture, and obstruction in the vein can be
seen rarely and may require surgery. Rarely, depending on the drugs used
during the procedure, bleeding may occur in a region very different from the
procedure site or in the procedure area or in the area where the artery is
entered. There may be swelling due to bleeding in the area where the
artery is entered, this swelling often goes away in 3-4 weeks. Renal
failure may develop due to the drugs used during the procedure, especially the
iodinated contrast material. Although the majority of patients with renal
failure improve, they may rarely require dialysis treatment later in
life. All kinds of allergies can develop due to drugs; but these can often
be controlled with other medications given. occlusion is rare and may
require surgery. Rarely, depending on the drugs used during the procedure,
bleeding may occur in a region very different from the procedure site or in the
procedure area or in the area where the artery is entered. There may be
swelling due to bleeding in the area where the artery is entered, this swelling
often goes away in 3-4 weeks. Renal failure may develop due to the drugs
used during the procedure, especially the iodinated contrast
material. Although the majority of patients with renal failure improve,
they may rarely require dialysis treatment later in life. All kinds of
allergies can develop due to drugs; but these can often be controlled with
other medications given. occlusion is rare and may require
surgery. Rarely, depending on the drugs used during the procedure,
bleeding may occur in a region very different from the procedure site or in the
procedure area or in the area where the artery is entered. There may be
swelling due to bleeding in the area where the artery is entered, this swelling
often goes away in 3-4 weeks. Renal failure may develop due to the drugs
used during the procedure, especially the iodinated contrast
material. Although the majority of patients with renal failure improve,
they may rarely require dialysis treatment later in life. All kinds of
allergies can develop due to drugs; but these can often be controlled with
other medications given. Depending on the drugs used during the procedure,
bleeding may occur in a very different region from the procedure area, or in
the procedure area or in the area where the artery is entered. There may
be swelling due to bleeding in the area where the artery is entered, this
swelling often goes away in 3-4 weeks. Renal failure may develop due to
the drugs used during the procedure, especially the iodinated contrast
material. Although the majority of patients with renal failure improve,
they may rarely require dialysis treatment later in life. All kinds of
allergies can develop due to drugs; but these can often be controlled with
other medications given. Depending on the drugs used during the procedure,
bleeding may occur in a very different region from the procedure area, or in
the procedure area or the area where the artery is entered. There may be
swelling due to bleeding in the area where the artery is entered, this swelling
often goes away in 3-4 weeks. Renal failure may develop due to the drugs
used during the procedure, especially the iodinated contrast material. Although
the majority of patients with renal failure improve, they may rarely require
dialysis treatment later in life. All kinds of allergies can develop due
to drugs; but these can often be controlled with other medications
given. Renal failure may develop due to the drugs used during the
procedure, especially the iodinated contrast material. Although the
majority of patients with renal failure improve, they may rarely require
dialysis treatment later in life. All kinds of allergies can develop due to
drugs; but these can often be controlled with other medications
given. Renal failure may develop due to the drugs used during the
procedure, especially the iodinated contrast material. Although the
majority of patients with renal failure improve, they may rarely require
dialysis treatment later in life. All kinds of allergies can develop due
to drugs; but these can often be controlled with other medications given.